Saturday, May 31, 2008
Friday, May 30, 2008
Seeing. Feeling. Being: Alberto Giacometti
Monday, May 26, 2008
i was glad to be out helping out at the acid room. i was surprised that it was their first time at hand with the task of destroying the image on the nicely etched plate. till now i have to admit that i have no idea what etching is all about. i need to do more experimentation. and today's was quite cool. they just poured acid at random parts of the plate and waited for it to bite, then etched it again with ink covered at again random parts. then coated some shelsoll to see the effect......................
usually we are told to handle the copper plate with extra care, and not to damage the surface by spilling exvess acid and to prevent it from being over etched. but this time, the challenge is to just not care about the plate AT ALL and just do the reverse.
i actually find it quite weird that the ringmaster never says anything about his workers leaving before finishing their task. And interns have to finish it up for them after hours. and if there were no interns nor printers around, then who will?
Sunday, May 25, 2008
wood stuff
Saturday, May 24, 2008
bugis has really changed alot. bugis junction i mean. the shops at the basement level were all so brand new and modern. with new stalls that have sprung, it definitely look similar to vivo and ps already.
Friday, May 23, 2008
Esplanade Presents
The Protection Paintings - Of Sensations and Superscriptions
Jeremy Sharma
Singapore
23 May - 29 Jun 08, Fri - Sun,
Jendela
With The Protection Paintings – Of Sensations and Superscriptions, visual artist Jeremy Sharma explores the notion of protection as a means of ensuring human existence in various aspects, from the basic ensuring of survival to the sustenance of human relationships.
This exhibition attempts to translate those ideas visually through an interplay between images (sensations) and text (superscriptions).
(Visual Arts Space by Cristal Caritas Trust)
Wednesday, May 21, 2008
From: steve(primus) | 18/11/99 13:25:08 |
Subject: re: Water Direction | post id: 8417 |
f water, when going down a drain, goes in an anti clockwise direction in one hemisphere and clockwise in the other hemisphere - what happens at a) the equator? b) the poles? Water goes down a drain in either hemisphere whichever way it wants to. The Coriolis effect, which is zero at the equator and strongest at the poles, is caused by the rotation of the earth which has a rotational speed of one revolution per day. Water going down a plughole is revolving faster than that so there are other forces involved. The currents in the water due to the water temperature, the shape of the bath/tank, the currents you set up by removing the plug or getting out of the bath all have an effect, and these override the very weak effect of Coriolis. water spirals down drains at the poles and on the equator just as it does anywhere else - and the direction is determined by a number of factors. However, if you had a tank large enough and the water in it still enough so there were no other influences on the spiral direction, then, yes, coriolis would come into play but for general purposes, it has no effect at all. |
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpb0XLUDGag
http://www.ems.psu.edu/~fraser/Bad/BadCoriolis.html
also check out
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2003/nov/13/research.science
Q. why does paper yellow over time? Does it become more acidic or alkaline as it ages?
Lignin is the main source of color in pulp due to the presence of a variety of chromophores naturally present in the wood or created in the pulp mill.
Paper is made from wood, which is made up mainly of white cellulose. Wood also has a lot of a dark substance in it called lignin, which ends up in the paper, too, along with the cellulose. The exposure of lignin to air and sunlight is what turns paper yellow.
Lignin eventually turns paper yellow because of oxidation. That is, the lignin molecules, when exposed to oxygen in the air, begin to change and become less stable. The lignin will absorb more light, giving off a darker color.
Mechanical pulps retain most of the lignin present in the wood used to make the pulp and thus contain almost as much lignin as they do cellulose and hemicellulose. It would be impractical to remove this much lignin by bleaching, and undesirable since one of the big advantages of mechanical pulp is the high yield of pulp based on wood used. Therefore the objective of bleaching mechanical pulp (also referred to as brightening) is to remove only the chromophores (color-causing groups). This is possible because the structures responsible for color are also more susceptible to oxidation or reduction.
Alkaline hydrogen peroxide is the most commonly used bleaching agent for mechanical pulp. The amount of base such as sodium hydroxide is less than that used in bleaching chemical pulps and the temperatures are lower. These conditions allow alkaline peroxide to selectively oxidize non-aromatic conjugated groups responsible for absorbing visible light. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is catalyzed by transition metals, and iron, manganese and copper are of particular importance in pulp bleaching. The use of chelating agents like EDTA to remove some of these metal ions from the pulp prior to adding peroxide allows the peroxide to be used more efficiently. Magnesium salts and sodium silicate are also added to improve bleaching with alkaline peroxide[5]
Sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4), also known as sodium hydrosulfite, is the other main reagent used to brighten mechanical pulps. In contrast to hydrogen peroxide, which oxidizes the chromophores, dithionite reduces these color-causing groups. Dithionite reacts with oxygen, so efficient use of dithionite requires that oxygen exposure be minimized during its use.[2]
Chelating agents can contribute to brightness gain by sequestering iron ions, for example as EDTA complexes, which are less colored than the complexes formed between iron and lignin[2].
The brightness gains achieved in bleaching mechanical pulps are temporary since almost all of the lignin present in the wood is still present in the pulp. Exposure to air and light can produce new chromophores from this residual lignin.[6] This is why newspaper yellows as it ages.
Archival paper is lignin-free and acid-free (between pH 6.0 and 8 is considered acid-free, between pH 7.1 and 8.0 is called alkaline buffered, this delays the gradual deterioration of the sheet).
1. An alkaline pulping process for chips of lignocellulosic material which comprises cooking said lignocellulosic material at 140°-210° C. for 250 minutes with a solution containing sodium sulfite at a pH of 10-13.5 in the presence of sodium aluminate as a buffering agent in the amount of 2% to 8% as NaOH based on the dry weight of the chips of lignocellulosic material, and 0.2% anthraquinone, wherein said cooking is carried out to produce a pulp of high viscosity, high strength and good yield.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the formation of the paper web using neutral pH forming conditions and wherein calcium carbonate is used as the principal filler.
BACKGROUND OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
It is known to manufacture paper by supplying the papermaking stock to the forming section of a paper machine under acid, neutral or alkaline conditions. Alkaline conditions are primarily used with a wood free fiber and at a pH in the range ofabout 8 whereas in acid papermaking from wood containing stock, the pH is generally well below 7 and normally in the order of 4 to 6. Neutral papermaking is usually carried out at pH of about 6.8 to 7.5.
One of the major advantages of alkaline papermaking is that it permits the use of calcium carbonate which is a relatively inexpensive filler in relatively large quantities in the paper. Calcium carbonate is generally less expensive than woodfiber and has a relatively high brightness which thus facilitates the production of low cost priming papers.
Attempts have been made to utilize calcium carbonate filler with acid papermaking and/or neutral papermaking by means of specific acid tolerant carbonates which are specially prepared, for example, by the addition of phosphorus compounds to thesurface of the carbonate to stabilize the carbonate under acid conditions. It is also known when using such acid tolerant carbonates to operate the paper machine at pH generally below 7 (i.e. mild acid conditions) and to use phosphoric acid to maintainthe pH of the stock.
Chalk has been used as a filler in paper.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a process for making paper under neutral papermaking conditions while incorporating natural calcium carbonate filler into the furnish.
Broadly, the present invention relates to a method of making paper from a furnish containing predominantly mechanical pulp under substantially neutral conditions comprising adding natural calcium carbonate to a mechanical pulp stock being fed toa headbox of a forming section of a paper machine, adding bentonite and a suitable polymer to said stock, controllably adding a pH reducing and buffering agent to said stock being fed to said headbox to maintain the pH of said pulp stock in said headboxwithin the range of 6.7 and 7.5, forming a sheet by separating white water containing calcium carbonate from the pulp stock in said forming section, recirculating said white water containing calcium carbonate to said headbox with said pulp stock.
Preferably said polymer comprises a polyacrylamide polymer
Preferably said pH reducing and buffering agent will comprise phosphoric acid.
Preferably, the form of said natural calcium carbonate will be chalk.
Preferably, the pH of said stock in the headbox will be sensed and addition of phosphoric acid to maintain said pH in said range of 6.7 to 7.5 controlled based on said pH sensed in said headbox.
Preferably said pH range will be 6.9 to 7.4
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Further features, objects and advantages will be evident from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which;
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram for a paper machine incorporating the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The term calcium carbonate has been used in relation to the present to describe natural calcium carbonate as opposed to and to distinguish from precipitated calcium carbonate which has not been found to be satisfactory for practising the presentinvention.
.............
Acid-Free: Materials with a pH of 7.0 or higher are considered acid-free. Acid-free materials can be either buffered or unbuffered. Buffering agents typically raise the pH of a material to 8.0 or higher. Unbuffered materials can become acidic over time by the absorbtion of acids from the environment.
Archival (Archival Quality): This non-technical term suggests that a material is safe for long term storage and does not contain any chemicals that could adversely affect a collection. The phrase is not quantifiable or standardized, and therefore should not be considered, independently, as a guarantee of acceptable storage criteria.
Archival Polyester: Mylar D, long recognized as the premier brand of clear polyester for preservation purposes, was recently discontinued by the manufacturer. A variety of additional brands of polyester of equal quality remain available. The AstuteCollector.Com uses only the highest grades of polyester in creating it's variety of polyester enclosures.
Buffering: Paper and paperboard products are divided between buffered and unbuffered. Calcium carbonate is the preferred buffering agent of preservation professionals. The buffering agent helps neutralize acids in the environment and help to prevent those acids from attacking your collections. Because of concerns over the affect of buffering agents on certain animal bye products such as wool, leather and silk, unbuffered paper and paperboards are often preferred for storing these materials as well as certain rare photographic collections. Note: Unbuffered materials can absorb acids from the environment and can, eventually become acidic themselves.
Calcium Carbonate: The preferred buffering agent of preservation professionals, Calcium Carbonate is added to paper pulp during the paper making process in order to neutralize acids. It's prescence in folders, boxes, and other enclosures helps ensure that acids in the environment are neutralized.
Lignin (Lignin-Free): Lignin is a naturally occuring substance found in plants and wood pulp. Lignin is thought to contribute to the early degradation of paper and is often removed during the pulping process to create higher grade paper.
PAT (Photo Activity Test): The PAT is an accelerated aging test that predicts the interaction between enclosures and photographic images and can be used to determine possible photographic activity caused by components of those enclosures including adhesives, inks, etc.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): This is a plastic that can emit damaging hydrochloric acids as it degrades, causing damage to materials stored within. PVC often emits a strong odor such as that given off by a new plastic shower curtain.
Caliper: Caliper points, or simply points, is a unit for measuring the thickness of paper. One caliper point is equal to one one-thousandth of an inch.
Grain: The orientation of fibers in paper. Paper has a natural tendency to bend "with the grain", usually making it easy to determine what grain you're working with. Grain can be either short or long, depending on whether it's going on the long or short side of the paper dimensions.
Stock: A term referring to bulk paper or board materials.
Basis Weight: The weight of one ream (500 sheets) of paper, expressed in pounds.
What is buffering?
A. Buffered material has an alkaline reserve of at least 2 percent calcium carbonate and resists the effects of acid in the environment or in memorabilia
Why is buffering important in paper products?
A. The addition of a buffering agent to paper products helps neutralise acids that come in direct contact with the paper. A buffering agent also prevents acids from migrating to other areas of the page or onto photographs. Acids that come in direct contact with your photographs could accelerate the natural aging process and cause them to discolour or fade.
http://www.archivalsuppliers.com/testimonials.asp
http://www.creativememories.com.au/MainMenu/Our-products-and-services/FAQs/Detail?folder=PAPER
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_deacidification
http://www.howstuffworks.com/question463.htm
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4384921.html
http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/5505819.html
Ferret Out & Vociferate: The Blue Planet
from the site : "Great scenes in this portrait of the seas through the seasons include huge swarms of jellyfish, a Herring bait ball being hunted to the last individual in a feeding frenzy from several predator species, and the hilarious Handfish. The Sea Slug chase scene shows clearly how Navanax follows the slime trail left by Janulus. The only weak segments are the Sea Otter and the Pacific Salmon (which species?), which should go a bit more in depth on the ecology of these animals."
The Overwhelmed Tomato
"you are definitely Circus standard."
Scoop: One Nation Under Lee... Slucker's back again.
Read full reports at -
watch the video at:
Officials from the Media Development Authority (MDA) barged in on a private screening of a film entitled One Nation Under Lee and demanded that the organisers hand over the DVD.
The 45-minute movie is critical narration of how Mr Lee Kuan Yew rode to power championing democracy and then using it to consolidate his power by crush his opponents and the media.
Halfway through the screening which took place at the Peninsula-Excelsior Hotel this afternoon, three officers from the MDA burst in and said that the screening was an offence.
A group of activists then asked them on what authority did they have to insist on stopping the screening as it was a private event, not unlike, for example, a wedding where videos of the betrothed are played for guests.
The gatecrashers, comprising of assistant director Mr Tan Chiu Kee, Mr Ahmad Kasbari and Ms Padmamuthu, cited the Films Act which states that "it is an offence to have in your possession or to exhibit or distribute any film without a valid certificate." This would make almost all Singaporeans violators of the Act.
After a lengthy exchange the Master of Ceremonies, Mr Chia Ti Lik, allowed the three into the hall. The crowd burst into sacrcastic applause and the officers responded with sheepish smiles. The police at one stage arrived but left whithout doing much.
"Please hand over the film," Mr Tan demanded.
"Please come up to the front, introduce yourselves and you can have it," the MC invited.
With the DVD in hand the officers left. The event continued with Mr Martyn See and Mr Seelan Palay offering their views on the Films Act.
"If it is an offence to screen such a film, then everyone with a birthday or wedding video would be criminalised," Mr See said, adding that artists and writers must not be afraid to document and write when they see and hear.
He said that the film would be a "fantastic learning tool" for students and anybody who is interested in learning about Singapore should watch it.
Mr Seelan added that as an artist, he cannot care so much about laws. "Otherwise, art cannot take place. I need to make films about what I see and sometimes laws don't allow that."
At this juncture, the MDA officers came back and demanded that the LCD projector used for the screening be handed over as well.
"No, you can't have it," insisted Mr Chia Ti Lik. "You are exceeding your powers and you have no right to take it."
Ms Chee Siok Chin made it clear that the officers were already given the DVD and had no right to the LCD projector.
Some members of the audienced weighed in and told the officials that they were rude by intruding in on a private function. "You already have the video, what more do you want?" one of the attendees pointed out.
Sensing that the organisers were not going to back down, the officials retreated and left.
How the authorities received word about the function is anyone's guess but admission was restricted to those who had purchased a ticket.
The film contained interviews with Messrs Francis Seow, Said Zahari and J B Jeyaretnam as well as musical clips critising Ministers' salaries and the GIC. The film had both educational and inspirational qualities. Perhaps this is why the MDA was particularly anxious to get its hands on it.
Witnessing the entire incident were two US embassy officials who were among the invited guessts.
Another group of media activists had also conducted a similar screening of videos at an art gallery at Rowell Road. The films were about the SDP's election rallies in 2006 and the WB-IMF protests at Hong Lim Park in September 2006. That screening took place without incident.
Tuesday, May 20, 2008
Vociferate: the Air-Con Guy
Vociferate: i can't understand these things
Devoir & Vociferate: draft 2
it's amazing how many books i've bound already since i learnt the art of book binding. i just finished another before Orangeshoes called me at 12 midnight to ask if i took up any internship recommended by school via email. He told me he went for the interview but the peeps there told him his portfolio was too fine-arty... it's weird that he called. Well i'm happy i'm employed and at the circus!
HAZaye called to ask me if i was able to go to yishun this sunday because i requested to work at trasnah on both sats and suns during this hols. Sats would be the usual but suns would be different now... i'll be with Robert at Mandai Zoo! the experience would be quite cool, but i hate that i might not be able to get there by train... which would cost a toll on my ka-ching ka-ching!
Ooh i am so excited about work later. Soo excited!
and yar, i've just sent Jeannip what i've edited today to what we've planned on friday.
Saturday, May 17, 2008
Vociferate: Planning my proposals
Ferret Out : craftzine-plasticbagcrafts
Friday, May 16, 2008
Vociferate: Wanita not here , get well
Ferret out :Kozyndan
Thursday, May 15, 2008
Ferret Out : Mark Justiani & Chang Jinchao
We checked out Chang Jin Chao's animation installation along with his signature mural as we passed it along the way to far east to find a bag suitable for wanita
CATAPULT
Featuring new works of young contemporary artist
MARK JUSTINIANI
May 11 to 20, 2008
Substation Gallery, Home for the Arts
SINGAPORE
Social-realism in art often entails dark images depicting the harsh realities in society. Filipino visual artist Mark Justiniani, however, has found a way to provoke discussions on social issues while infusing what he describes as “a children's book-like quality” to his artworks. In his world, reality and fantasy need not collide.
Proof of that unique combination is his upcoming exhibition at Substation Gallery, Home for the Arts, Singapore from May 11 to 20, 2008.
Entitled “Catapult,” the 1st Solo Exhibition of Mark Justiniani in Singaporeorganized by www.ArtSentralAsia.com explores the idea of being on the verge – being tossed in the air leaving viewers to wonder whether the figures are going up or already coming down.
“The working theme is about platforms, transporting and catapult. It is about these structures that places people in various heights. It's actually very political with the catapult representing the structures in society and the platform like a stage where characters play roles,” Justiniani shared.
One artwork features an inverted figure holding a cane with legs spread wide open. He is suspended in mid-air and it is unclear whether a greater height is yet to be achieved or if gravity has already taken hold and the figure is being pulled back to the ground.
“My works are open-ended though still guided by the other visual cues that I include in the painting. When people look at my art, I want them to find more questions rather than answers. I want it to be a ongoing dialogue,” he explained.
Another artwork features a katipunero (a 19th century Filipino freedom fighter) standing in a giant hand. And though only until the wrist can be seen, one can surmise that it is the hand of a modern day businessman. The katipunero is holding on to the handle of his half-drawn itak (a local blade) though it is unclear if he is drawing it out or placing it back into the scabbard. Along the edges of the piece are scribbles from the text of McKinley's letter on the benevolent assimilation.
“It appears as though something is about to happen. Like a moment is on the verge of exploding. But we don't know what it is. So it encourages a discussion and hopefully, people will talk about what they think is about to take place,” Justiniani said.
A multi-awarded artist, Justiniani hails from the province of Negros Occidental which influenced the development of his style. He recalls two paintings in his mother's house which left a lasting impression on the young artist.
At an early age, he recognized that his artworks are seen by everyone, including children. Not wanting to traumatize young minds but still determined to express his beliefs, he combined the soft quality of children's illustrations with the realities of society, creating a unique style that is effectively thought-provoking.
Justiniani completed his art education at the College of Fine Arts at the University of the Philippines. His first solo exhibition was in 1993 and has had 10 more since then. He also regularly participates in various group shows both locally and internationally. His works have been exhibited in the United States, Singapore, Japan, Australia, Denmark, and Malaysia. A consistent prize-holder in many local and international art competitions, he was awarded the 13 Artists Award by the Cultural Center of the Philippines in recognition of his outstanding achievements as a young artist.
Artist Talk: Hema Upadhyay
Vociferate: time to get busyaye
here's sonny and i folding white rags.